Secondary Sources

This study uses ethnobotany to compare the socioeconomic status between the Métis and the individuals at Upper Fort Garry. The three sites used for this analysis are Upper Fort Garry and two Métis farms along the Red River (Delorme House and the Garden Site). The topics discussed are: The Red River Settlement AD 1845 – 1882, The Archaeological Sites, Archaeological Expectations (1. fruit and nuts [tomato, watermelon, plum, peach, Brazil, almond, walnut, pecan] & 2. charcoal), and Site Comparison and Discussion. There is a map of Southern Manitoba in 1858 and comparison charts.

Ethnobotany is used to study two fur trade situations, to determine if the use of native and imported plants were dictated by environment, economic and/or social factors. There is an Introduction, and sections on The Early Fur Traders and The Hudson’s Bay Company Elite.

This report on the analysis of faunal material recovered from Parks Canada’s 1984 excavations at The Forks records information on species, skeletal element, modification, and minimum numbers of individuals. The data is used to provide information on the butchering techniques and diet as well as seasonality and lifestyle.

This thesis looks at faunal recoveries from Upper Fort Garry (DlLg-21). Over 5000 specimens were analysed with the goals of reconstructing the pattern of animal utilisation during the occupation of the fort; comparing this reconstruction with historical and archaeological records of animal use in the Red River Settlement (mid-a800s); and examination of how diet and economic position relate. Identification of the faunal remains, and archival and documentary investigations determined animal utilisation differed in terms of species and selected body parts and that varied social and economic contexts are reflected in chosen food items. It is concluded that faunal remains can be used in considering economic position of consumers, thus enhancing interpretation of Upper Fort Garry.

This thesis documents analysis of faunal assemblages from The Forks, spanning the Archaic (Hanna), Late Woodland (Blackduck), and Fur Trade (Fort Gibraltar I, Fort Garry, and Upper Fort Garry) periods. Archaeological and documentary information regarding subsistence are compared for a better understanding of the following: faunal exploitation; possible areas of disagreement and bias; and explanations for faunal exploitation pattern changes at a stable locality. From the analysis it was determined that there is a high degree of variability among the samples. The comparative data identified the following factors affecting resource use patterns at The Forks: technology, length of occupation (nomadic vs. tade focus), and nature of subsistence economy (focused vs. diffuse).

This is a study of thirty-five soil samples, from Parks Canada’s excavation at The Forks in 1984 and 1988. The purpose of this paper is to determine what plants were growing at The Forks, and how they were used. The study is divided into two periods: BC 4000 to AD 1780, then AD 1780 to the present. The article discusses the Methods used (vegetation survey, collection of sediment samples, processing and data analysis); Environment and Plant Resources (vegetation survey results, climate, landforms and hydrology, soils, natural habitats and distribution of plants in early historic times, plant resources, environmental history over the past 1500 years, predicted plant use at The Forks); Past Environments and Ethnobotany (the samples, reconstruction of past soils, vegetation and ethnobotany, comparison with seed remains found at other northern plains sites).

This is a study of thirty-five soil samples, from Parks Canada’s excavation at The Forks in 1984 and 1988. The purpose of this paper is to determine what plants were growing at The Forks, and how they were used. The study is divided into two periods: BC 4000 to AD 1780, then AD 1780 to the present. The article discusses the Methods used (vegetation survey, collection of sediment samples, processing and data analysis); Environment and Plant Resources (vegetation survey results, climate, landforms and hydrology, soils, natural habitats and distribution of plants in early historic times, plant resources, environmental history over the past 1500 years, predicted plant use at The Forks); Past Environments and Ethnobotany (the samples, reconstruction of past soils, vegetation and ethnobotany, comparison with seed remains found at other northern plains sites). There are maps, diagrams, plant/seed lists. Appendix 1 is about Flotation, processing and analysis, Appendix 2 with notes on distribution and interpretation.